Hemoglobin (Hb) is an ideal material for use in the development of an oxygen carrier\nin view of its innate biological properties. However, the vascular retention of free Hb is too short\nto permit a full therapeutic effect because Hb is rapidly cleared from the kidney via glomerular\nfiltration or from the liver via the haptogloblin-CD 163 pathway when free Hb is administered in\nthe blood circulation. Attempts have been made to develop alternate acellular and cellular types\nof Hb based oxygen carriers (HBOCs), in which Hb is processed via various routes in order to\nregulate its pharmacokinetic properties. These HBOCs have been demonstrated to have superior\npharmacokinetic properties including a longer half-life than the Hb molecule in preclinical and\nclinical trials. The present review summarizes and compares the pharmacokinetic properties of\nacellular and cellular type HBOCs that have been developed through different approaches, such as\npolymerization, PEGylation, cross-linking, and encapsulation.
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